Практическое задание
Составьте графическую схему для информации, полученной из текста, показывающую логические связи между элементами схемы и порядок, в котором Вы могли бы их представить, рассказывая о содержании текста.
Even with adequate English vocabulary and grammar, think what sense an inter-planetary visitor to Earth might make of a notice such as 'Dogs must be carried on the escalator'. Does it mean that you must carry a dog if you go on the escalator? Is it forbidden to use it without one? Terry Eagleton comments:
To understand this notice I need to do a great deal more than simply read its words one after the other. I need to know, for example, that these words belong to what might be called a 'code of reference' - that the sign is not just a decorative piece of language there to entertain travellers, but is to be taken as referring to the behaviour of actual dogs and passengers on actual escalators. I must mobilize my general social knowledge to recognize that the sign has been placed there by the authorities, that these authorities have the power to penalize offenders, that I as a member of the public am being implicitly addressed, none of which is evident in the words themselves. I have to rely, in other words, upon certain social codes and contexts to understand the notice properly. But I also need to bring these into interaction with certain codes or conventions of reading - conventions which tell me that by 'the escalator' is meant this escalator and not one in Paraguay, that 'must be carried' means 'must be carried now', and so on. I must recognize that the 'genre' of the sign is such as to make it highly improbable that... [certain ambiguities are] actually intended [such as that you must carry a dog on the escalator]... I understand the notice, then, by interpreting it in terms of certain codes which seem appropriate.
Without realizing it, in understanding even the simplest texts we draw on a repertoire of textual and social codes.
Eagleton, Terry (1983): Literary Theory: An Introduction. p 78.
