Текст для пересказа
Any tale, any "narrative", as stories are called in modern academia, is based on
the simple principle that we cannot act upon the world merely by direct sense
perception, but we require a conceptual grid of whatever kind that enables us to give
meaning to this sense-perception (This comes from sociologist Max Weber). This is
universally true(1), for all human societies, although it applies in quite different forms,
and as we will see, the forms it applied in a society pervaded with power relation give
rise to different "truths" depending on your perspective within the configuration of
power relations. A second point that is valid for all societies has to do with norms.
Norms are embedded within and reproduced by the tales we are talking about. Norms
refer to the shared understanding of a moral code, of how people should act in their
relation to each other. Norms are there in any tale (in the scientific ones they are
embedded within the explicit or implicit assumptions) and actualized (made
operational) in institutions. It is only through these norms, through this shared
understanding of how people should act vis-a-vis each other, that sustained social
cooperation is possible (this comes from another sociologist, Emile Durkheim). Note
however that as French philosopher Michel Foucault reminds us, the definition of the
norm is at the same time the definition of the field of anti-norm, the definition of
"normal" behavior at the same time is a finger pointed at the "abnormal" behavior".
(1) This statement of truth is yet another story telling, one that tries to make sense of so many different
forms of story telling.
Пример 1
In the text the author considers the problem of meaning of sense perception and norms in a human society. He declares that people “cannot act upon the world merely by direct sense perception”. After that the author says that the second characteristic point of all societies is the relation of a society to norms. Norms “are embedded within and reproduced by the tales we are talking about” in his opinion. To conclude, the author categorically declares that people should act with each other only through these norms, which already sustained social cooperation.
Пример 2
In the text of this task the author considers a the problem of the tales origin. He says that the origin of tales is firstly related with the explanation of human sense perception. The society moral norms are also important for the tale appearance and present in every tale. The Author says that the moral norms define the relations between the people and they are the reasons that let the societies exist. It as also added, that defining a society norm people also define an anti-norm that describes normal and anti-normal behavior in the human society.
Вопрос преподавателя: Does he refer to any particular scientists?
Пример 3
In the text the author analyses simple principles of life. The first one is kindness, which requires people to direct Вопрос преподавателя:пожалуйста, объясните, что Вы имели в виду it before doing something.
This fact is “universally true for all human societies”. Different forms it applied Вопрос преподавателя:пожалуйста, объясните, что Вы имели в виду
helped people to find different “truths”. The second one is doing everything with norms. The author explains that norms show understanding of moral code and predict people’s behavior in different situations.
After that he states that norms are in any tale and actualized in institutions. And to conclude he writes about constant collision between normal and anti-normal behavior: “the definition of the norm is at the same time the definition of the field of anti-norm”.
Пример 4
In this text the author considers the problem of tales principles.
The author considers the meaning of tales in our live.
The author chooses two standpoints. One standpoint belongs Вопрос студента: (хотелось бы знать надо ли здесь использовать пассивный залог? Ответ преподавателя: нет: у этого глагола нет пассивного залога!)
to the German sociologist Max Weber. He considers, that tales are a conceptual grid that enables us to give meaning to sense-perception. The Second point talk tells Вопрос студента: (Объясните почему здесь надо использовать глагол tell, а не глагол talk, они же переводятся одинаково. В какой ситуации используется tell, а в какой talk?)
Ответ преподавателя: Подробно об этом – модуль 2 раздела 3, там есть схема глаголов говорения. about tales as a reproducing instrument of moral code.
This is opinion of the another sociologist Emile Durkheim. Moreover Besides Вопрос студента: (Объясните пожалуйста, почему здесь надо было использовать наречие “besides”) Ответ преподавателя: moreover – развитие предыдущей мысли (более того), besides – помимо предыдущей мысли, другая мысль (кроме этого) these standpoints the author refers to French philosopher Michel Foucault, who thinks that the definition of “normal behavior” and “abnormal” ones is relative and it corresponds to the time of action?
Вопрос студента: (...здесь я хотел сказать следующее: ”Кроме этих точек зрения автор ссылается на французского философа Мишеля Фуко, который думает (считает), что определение нормального и ненормального поведения относительно и оно связано со временем действия.”)
Ответ преподавателя: У
Вас получилось настоящее длительное «is corresponding”. Вы так хотели? Ответ студента: Нет, я не хотел использовать длительное время.
Использованные ресурсы:
http://homepages.uel.ac.uk/M.DeAngelis/ln2-howtheeconomyworks.pdf
далее: Зачётное задание
