Quantifiers(—лова, обозначающие количество)
A few and few, a little and little
Graded Quantifiers
Some or Any?
Something, Anything, Someone, Anyone
etc.
Enough
A few and few, a little and little
Ёти выражени¤ показывают отношение говор¤щего к количеству предмета
.
A few (дл¤ исчисл¤емых существительных) и a little (дл¤ неисчисл¤емых существительных
) описывают положительное отношение к количеству:
- "I've got a few friends" (= может быть, немного, но достаточно)
- "I've got a little money" (= нам хватает на жизнь)
Few и little описывают отрицательное отношение к количеству
:
- Few people visited him in hospital (= к нему почти никто не ходит)
- He had little money (= почти без денег)
Graded Quantifiers
ќни похожи на прилагательные в сравнительной степени и показывают относительную величину в процессе
увеличени¤ или уменьшени¤.
| ”величение (0% до
100%) |
— исчисл¤емыми существительными во множественном числе: |
| many |
more |
most |
— неисчисл¤емыми существительными: |
| much |
more |
most |
|
|
|
— исчисл¤емыми существительными во множественном числе: |
| few |
fewer |
fewest |
— неисчисл¤емыми существительными: |
| little |
less |
least |
ѕримеры:
Ј There are many people
in Poland, more in India, but the most people live in
China.
Ј Much time and money
is spent on education, more on health services but the most
is spent on national defense.
Ј Few rivers in Europe
arenТt polluted.
Ј Fewer people die
young now than in the nineteenth century.
Ј The country with the
fewest people per square kilometre must be Australia.
Ј Scientists have little
hope of finding a complete cure for cancer before 2010.
Ј She had less time
to study than I did but had better results.
Ј Give that dog the least
opportunity and it will bite you.
Some or Any?
|
Some |
In
positive statements. |
I gave
him some money.
We bought some food. |
|
Any |
In
negative statements. |
She
didn't have any money.
I couldn't find any books. |
"Some" и
"any" используютс¤ с исчисл¤емыми и неисчисл¤емыми существительными,
дл¤ описани¤ неопределЄнного или неполного количества.
Some
используетс¤ в утверждени¤х и в вопросах, когда спрашивающий уверен в положительном ответе. УDid he give
you some tea?Ф (= I'm sure he did.)
УIs there some
fruit juice in the fridge?Ф (= I think there is)
Some можно использовать в просьбах, имеющих форму вопроса.
УCould I have
some books, please?Ф
УWhy don't you
take some books home with you?Ф
УWould you like
some books?Ф
Any используетс¤ в вопросах и в отрицательных предложени¤х с частицей not.
УHave you got
any tea?Ф
УHe didn't give
me any tea.Ф
УI don't think
we've got any tea left.Ф
Something, Anything, Someone, Anyone etc.
—ложные существительные с some- и any- используютс¤ так же, как some и any.
”тверждени¤:
УSomeone
is sleeping in my bed.Ф УHe saw
something in the garden.Ф УI left my
glasses somewhere in the house.Ф
¬опросы:
УAre you looking for
someone?Ф (= I'm sure you are) УHave you lost
something?Ф (= I'm sure you have) УIs there
anything to eat?Ф (a real question) УDid you go
anywhere last night?Ф
ќтрицательные предложени¤:
УShe didn't go
anywhere last night.Ф УHe doesn't know
anybody here.Ф
—уществует разница в эмоциональности (emphasis) между предложени¤ми с "nothing, nobody etc." и "not ...
anything, not ... anybody":
УI don't know
anything about it.Ф (= neutral, no emphasis) УI know nothing
about it.Ф (= more emphatic, maybe defensive) У Is there
anybody who speaks English here?Ф УThere is nobody
in the house at the moment.Ф УDoes anybody
have the time?Ф УWhen I arrived
there was nobody to meet me.Ф
ANY также можно использовать в утверждени¤х в значении 'no matter which', 'no matter
who', 'no matter what' (любой, любое):
УYou can borrow
any of my books.Ф УThey can choose
anything from the menu.Ф УYou may invite
anybody to dinner, I don't mind who comes.Ф
Enough
Enough ставитс¤ перед существительным, чтобы показать требуемое или необходимое количество
:
УThere is enough bread for
lunch.Ф УShe has enough money.Ф
Enough также используетс¤ с прилагательными и наречи¤ми.
УWe didn't have enough time to
visit London Bridge.Ф УIs there enough milk for
breakfast?Ф УShe has enough talent to become
an international singing star.Ф
»спользованные ресурсы:
http://www.learn4good.com/languages/evrd_grammar/quantifier.htm
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